I'm sure alot of breeders have seen this before.
A good way not to run into this is, to check for babies by palpating the doe. This is done by squeezing her belly, not too hard, but to feel around. If you feel lots of small round things, the doe is probably pregnant. Also most does tend to gain some weight and eat more if they are. Palpation can first be done 10 days after breeding. Check and feel around the end of the pregnancy, you can feel the babies moving around and kicking.

There are no symptoms except a doe who either has a nestbox, or no nestbox starts making a nest and pulling out fur from the chest and belly, but there are no babies. This can happen to a doe who has been bred or not. The doe could think she is going to have babies, or she could know she isn't, in which case, if the doe hasn't been bred and is doing this, she probably wants to be bred. I have seen it happen at all ages, but more in younger does. You must be sure to check the nest box to make sure the doe hasn't actually had babies and just ate them.
I have a Fuzzy Lop doe who has done this sometimes, and everytime I breed her she never gets pregnant. She had a litter once in the past year, and one survived. I think she just feels a need to have babies, and every so often she tries to make a nest. This doe, like many others, can only be bred again and again and hope she turns out to be a good mom and gets to experience this.
Other does, who may have lost a litter, whether it be a recent litter, or a litter from earlier in the week, may still attempt to make a nest. I have a Jersey Wooly doe who lost her whole litter, she had them on the cage floor instead of the box. After I took everything out and cleaned up, a week later, she's pulling out fur and sticking it in the corners of her cage. I guess she misses her babies.
This isn't a disease or sickness, but a plea from the rabbit, I feel. They have the same needs we do, some rabbits want to become mothers, others want to become pets and be pampered, and others want to be champions.